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View Full Version : Bankers, Arab history and the petrodollar bazaar


BIG WAVE
03-25-2006, 02:25 AM
Wasn't sure if this was a lounge thread, it could very well be a "conspiracy theory". Read at your own discretion. The author is Matein Khalid is a Dubai based investment banker.

25 March 2006



IN THE 1970s, the petrodollar became the symbol of a seismic power shift in global finance, the arrival of the Arabs as the new priesthood of money in the Third World. Of course, vast wealth existed in the Middle East centuries before a handful of geologists found subterranean lakes of black gold under a Dhahran salt dome and changed the history of Arabia forever.
The Nabatean city of Petra, for instance, was an ancient Dubai, a hub of tourism, finance and transportation (camel caravans, not Boeing 777s to be sure), an entrepot that stayed aloof from the geopolitical East-West struggle of the time between the Roman Empire and the Persian Kings of Kings. Makkah, the birthplace of Islam was a Hijazi trading haven rich from the Red Sea caravan trade between Yemen and Byzantine Syria, a place where a Syrian monk, a Persian Zoroastrian priest’s renegade son and an Abyssinian slave could all exchange ideas of human possibility and witness the seal of prophethood on a young orphan son of the Quraish. The Queen of Sheba visited Jerusalem to close a frankincense deal with Sulaiman, King of Jerusalem.
The Abbasid empire was one of the ancient world’s true, economic free trade zones, its capital Baghdad the world's Wall Street Moorgate and Bahnhofstrasse in the ninth century after Christ, the Arabian superpower whose merchants wrote seks (the letter of credit from which derives the English and word cheque) accepted by their peers from Venice to Canton. Venice, the fabled serenessima of the Atlantic, grew fabulously wealthy financing the East-West silk trade, with the sort of arms dealing bonanza during the Holy Crusades replicated by Cyprus and Monaco during the Lebanese civil war in our time.
Beirut, of course, was the first modern offshore banking centre in the Mideast, the Arabian Geneva and Monte Carlo. Lebanon’s huge diaspora included some of the wealthiest bankers and merchants in the Arab World, its émigré traders are true descendants of the Phoenicians who once roamed the ancient Mediterranean, founded Carthage and slashed the cedar trees of Mount Lebanon for the naval fleet of the Pharoahs millennia ago. Lebanon benefited hugely from the petrocurrency El Dorado in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait when the banking systems of the Gulf consisted of Handramuthi money lenders, Maria Theresa gold coins, Sindhi baniyas and embryonic currency boards. Yet the petrodollar tsunami in the Gulf changed everything in the 1970s, the exact moment that Lebanon descended into the surreal abyss of civil war.
It is surely significant that 1975, the year the Bahrain Monetary Authority launched a new offshore banking centre, was also the year that Beirut was shelled into the Stone Age as the blood feud between the Maronite Christians, the Druze and the Palestinians erupted into a full-scale civil war. Political risk has doomed money hubs since the beginning of time and Beirut’s fate was no different from Berlin, Vienna, Shanghai and Piraeus before it.
Beirut’s great banking and gold dealing clans — Audis, Azharis, Shikarchis — fled to Paris, Switzerland, Geneva and London once the Taif Accords failed to stop the confessional fratricide in the city that was once the hippest, freest honky tonk town on the Arab Mediterranean, a place of grand hotels, Riviera-esque corniches, ski chalets, casinos and the cabaret acts of Place Pigalle and Covent Gardens. The reve du Orient, an Orientalist dream gone horribly wrong.
The petrodollar bonanza saw the Arab central banks emerge as significant providers of funds to the global banking system (petrodollar recycling in popular parlance). Sama, KIO and Abu Dhabi’s Adia were the Arab institutional investors who determined the fate of Uncle Sam’s borrowing binges at the T-bond auctions, accumulated stakes in British Petroleum and Reuters PLC, moved the price of gold and Swiss francs and Eurodollar deposit rates at Wall Street money centre banks with a single phone call from the Arabian desert. Libya once owned a stake in the Agnelli clan’s Fiat. Shaikh Nasser Al Sabah of Kuwait’s ruling clan owned Lonrho, the City of London conglomerate that once commanded influence and power across Black Africa.
Sulaiman Olayan, who rose from a humble clerkship in Aramco to own the largest stake in Chase Manhattan Bank after the Rockefellers when I worked there in the 1980s, built a global investment empire managed by the late Akram Hijazi one of the most honorable Arab financers, based in offices in Greece. The Bin Mahfouz, the Al Ghanems, princes of the House of Saud, the oil sheikhs of the lower Gulf all established banks, opened investment offices in Geneva and London, invested in Texan real estate and Mayfair townhouses and Manhattan duplex penthouses. Gulf investors also snapped up assets on the peripheries of the Islamic world. From the UAE, the Al Futtaims manufactured tractors in Pakistan, the Galadaris owned hotels in Sri Lanka, the Al Habtoors bought resorts in post civil war Lebanon. Saudi financiers founded Islamic banks in Malaysia and drilled for oil in Sudan.
The GCC stock exchanges were miniscule and illiquid bourses during the first petrodollar boom. So it was only the currency, gold and silver markets, the winner hard assets as paper money's value went into a death spiral in the inflationary 70s that attracted the petrodollar. When Nelson Bunker Hunt cornered the world silver market in 1980, when the silver bubble burst and the metal plunged from $54 to $0 since, the Texan oilman had a Saudi Arabian royal connection in Geneva. When an Iraqi banker at my banking alma mater Chase founded the most successful Arab merchant bank of its time, he hunted for trophy deals on Wall Street, Tiffany, Gucci and Saks Fifth Avenue. When Lebanon emerged from civil war, a billionaire construction magnate from Sidon named Rafik Hariri enlisted Saudi petrodollars and French influence to create Solidere, the company that literally rebuilt Beirut. When the PLO needed a banker, the Palestinian owned Arab Bank, colossus of the Amman Stock Exchange, handled Chairman Arafat's offshore finances. In UAE, the Al Ghurair scion Abdel Aziz built the most profitable private bank in Dubai while the Bin Mahfouz lost control of Jeddah's NCB after credit shocks and the fallout from BCCI. Money talks everywhere, but it shouts the loudest decibel counts in Arab societies as an instrument of power in the world’s ultimate souk culture.
Matein Khalid is a Dubai based investment banker
http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2006/March/opinion_March81.xml&section=opinion&col=

BIG WAVE
03-25-2006, 02:44 AM
Saudi Arabia is planning’ to repatriate windfall oil funds

Published: Saturday, 25 March, 2006, 10:16 AM Doha Time

Basel, Switzerland:
Saudi Arabia, which exported crude oil worth about $163bn last year, said it will repatriate some of its windfall invested abroad to finance petroleum, utility and other expansions.
“There are big projects, in fact mega projects, that are lined up for investment,’’ Hamad Saud al-Sayari, Saudi Arabia’s central bank governor, said in a recent interview.
Some of the kingdom’s surplus funds “will be parked temporarily abroad,’’ he said in Basel, Switzerland, where he was attending a meeting at the Bank for International Settlements.
Members of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, of which Saudi Arabia is the biggest, account for 5.4% of US bonds held by governments, central banks and international agencies, more than Germany, Hong Kong and France. Overseas investment helps reinforce the dollar’s value, holding down US borrowing costs and supporting consumer spending.
“Market psychology now is such that this might bring the dollar down,’’ Steve Brice, Standard Chartered Plc’s head of research for the Middle East and South Asia, said in a telephone interview from Dubai.
The dollar is 11% below the level it was a year ago against the common currency of 12 European countries.
Opec nations increased their purchases of US Treasury securities 57% in the two years to the end of 2005, according to official figures that reflect only part of the oil cartel’s holdings.
The 11 members of Opec are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Venezuela, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Nigeria, Libya, Indonesia, Algeria and Qatar. Their holdings peaked in February at $67.6bn during a first-quarter surge in oil prices.
The price of crude oil in New York rose 37% in 2005 to average $56.70 a barrel, according to data compiled by Bloomberg, reaching a record $70.85 in August. Prices, which have averaged $63.35 a barrel so far this year, will probably fall and stay below $60 a barrel because of a decline in demand in the second quarter and a build up of oil stocks, al-Sayari said, declining to be more specific.
Saudi Arabia will still generate a current account surplus, a measure of trade that includes services and investment income, that is at least equal to last year’s $101bn, its seventh straight surplus, al-Sayari said.
“There are lots of uses for those petrodollars and, even if they will not be used today, they will be used tomorrow,’’ al- Sayari said. “There are many projects, but they can’t absorb the money now.’’
The kingdom has drawn up a list of government and private investment projects in infrastructure, chemicals, power and water worth $624bn for which it’s seeking foreign participation, the Arab News reported on January 18, citing Omar Bahlaiwa, secretary general of the foreign trade development committee at the Saudi Chambers of Commerce Industry.
State-owned Saudi Aramco is spending at least $50bn on projects including expanding oil production capacity, and developing refinery and chemical complexes.
Saudi Arabia’s oil exports increased 54% last year to a 22-year high, Samba Financial Group, the country’s second- biggest bank, forecast in an October report. Oil exports will average $130 to $200bn a year until the end of the decade, generating government budget and current account surpluses, Samba, formerly Saudi American Bank, said.
Foreign assets at the central bank, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, more than tripled in three years to $159bn by Jan. 31 from $42bn, according to data on its Web site. Of the assets, 68% is invested in foreign securities, 17% is deposited with foreign banks and the remainder held in foreign exchange reserves.
http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=78460&version=1&template_id=48&parent_id=28